A working knowledge of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is necessary if engineers want to truly understand the designer's intent, and therefore plan accurate and appropriate inspection of the product the drawing represents. As part tolerances get tighter and tighter, it's more important than ever to establish a realistic, agreed-upon part drawing that subsequent inspections can be measured against.

GD&T is a precise mathematical language that describes the size, form, orientation and location of part features. It's also a design-dimensioning philosophy that encourages designers to define a part based on how it functions in the final product.

Through the use of functional dimensioning, tolerances are assigned to a part by the designer based on the part's functional requirements, often resulting in a larger tolerance for manufacturing. This eliminates problems that result when a designer assigns arbitrary, or too tight, tolerances to a part in a drawing because he or she does not know how to determine a reasonable, functional tolerance.

"Two people involved in every design need to understand GD&T -- the designer and the inspector," says consultant Alex Krulikowski of Effective Training Inc., (Westland, MI.) Krulikowski is the author of a self-study workbook based on the revised ASME standard, Y14.5M-1994.

"CAD (computer-aided design) drawing systems do an outstanding job of displaying nominal geometries, but the designer still needs to put in allowable variation, and GD&T symbols are the way those tolerances are expressed on the drawing," says Krulikowski. He adds that, ideally, there is a product team participating in the design process, including those involved in assembly, manufacturing and quality. GD&T can provide uniformity in the specification and interpretation of the drawing, eliminating guesswork and erroneous assumptions, and ensuring that professionals in design, production, and inspection are all working in the same "language."

"There should be a quality/inspection plan for every CAD design, and inspection specifics should be notated in the drawing," he says. Krulikowski adds that the drawing can specify such quality information as the following:

  • How will the part be inspected?

  • How frequently will the part be inspected?

  • What tools will be used? Hard (functional) gages? Coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs)?

  • If CMMs are to be used for inspection, how many data points will be taken?

  • What is the reliability and reproducibility of the gages to be used?

  • How much may the part deflect during inspection?

  • Will the part be clamped or fixtured during inspection? If so, where and with how much force?

Where to find out more
According to the experts, dimensioning rules are violated frequently. In fact, Effective Training has developed a list of the seven deadly sins of GD&T. These are: incorrect use of the word "thru," incorrect use of the word "central," unnecessarily tight titleblock tolerances, use of esoteric notes, imaginary dimensions, dimensions without tolerances and missing dimensions.

"These errors have appeared so often, and for so long, they are accepted without question by many drawing makers and users," according to Effective Training's Web-site. "Violations, however, are dangerous and expensive because they introduce ambiguity, multiple interpretations and guesswork into the manufacturing process." To help quality professionals understand GD&T, a list of some of the GD&T consultants, trainers and software manufacturers are compiled here.

GD&T consultants, trainers and software manufacturers

Affiliated Educational Consultants Ltd.
1510 W. Greenleaf Ave., Suite 2A
Chicago, IL 60626-2879
(773) 262-8140
hampto@aecltd.com
www.aecltd.com

American Society for Quality
600 N. Plankinton Ave., P.O. Box 3005
Milwaukee, WI 53201-3005
(800) 248-1946
cs@asq.org
www.asq.org

Applied Geometrics Inc.
497 Lyon Blvd.
South Lyon, MI 48178-1235 (248) 486-9011
markfoster@gdandt.com
www.gdandt.com

CEEM Member of the BSI Group
12110 Sunset Hills Rd., Suite 100
Reston, VA 20190
(800) 745-5565
solutions@ceem.com
www.ceem.com

CyberMetrics Corp.
1523 W. Whispering Wind Dr., Ste 100
Phoenix, AZ 85085
(480) 295-3465
sales@cybermetrics.com
www.cybermetrics.com

Dyer Co.
1500 McGovernville Rd., P.O. Box 4966
Lancaster, PA 17604-4966
(800) 631-3333
dyer@dyergage.com
www.dyergage.com

Effective Training Inc.
2116 S. Wayne Rd.
Westland, MI 48186
(734) 728-0909
eti@etinews.com
www.etinews.com

Excel Partnership Inc.
75 Glen Rd
Sandy Hook, CT 0648
(800) 374-3818
xlp@xlp.co
www.xlp.com

Gary Phillips Associates
18208 Laraugh Dr.
Northville, MI 48167-1813
(248) 348-0192
gpassociates@comcast.net

Genium Publishing Co.
1171 Riverfront Center
Amsterdam, N
(800) 243-648
sales@genium.com
www.genium.com

Geometrics Consulting
1500 Conlin Ave.
Evansville, IN 47714
(812) 476-8078
barheath@evansville.net

InnovMetric Software
2014 Jean-Talon Nord, Suite 310
Sainte-Foy, PQ G1N 4N6 Canada
(418) 688-2061
esther@innovmetric.com
www.innovmetric.com

JBL Systems Inc.
51410 Milano Dr.
Macomb, MI 48042
(810) 677-6700
jblsys@jblsys.com
www.jblsys.com

Mahr Federal Inc.
1144 Eddy St., P.O. Box 9400
Providence, RI 02905
(800) 343-2050
information@mahr.com
www.mahrfederal.com

Mitutoyo America Corp.
965 Corporate Blvd.
Aurora, IL 60504
(630) 820-9666
info@mitutoyo.com
www.mitutoyo.com

Prime Solutions
1769 Gabbro Tr.
Eagan, MN 55122
(800) 281-9946
sales@primesolutions.com
www.primesolutions.com

Resource Engineering Inc.
P.O. Box 219
Tolland, CT 06084
(800) 810-TEAM
robinm@reseng.com
www.reseng.com

Society of Manufacturing Engineers
International Headquarters
One SME Dr.
Dearborn, MI 48121
(800) 733-4763
service@sme.org
www.sme.org

BENEFITS OF GD&T

Depicting functional design relationships.

Reducing scrap and rework.

Providing a common language for the production team.

Reducing expensive drawing changes.

Increasing production rates.

Insuring parts interchangeability.

Providing inspection verification consistency.

Allowing multiple source procurement.

Facilitating functional gaging.

Making maximum use of available tolerances.

Source: Applied Geometrics/Affiliated Educational Consultants