A well-known study published in 1999 by NACE (the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) titled “The United States Cost of Corrosion Study” indicated that the direct cost of corrosion is more than three percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Similar studies report direct costs ranging from two to 4.5 percent of the GDP.
Given these enormous costs, it is not surprising that there are large industries centered on: