Whether you work in a quality control laboratory at a major automotive manufacturer or are performing research at a university, it is common to encounter a universal testing machine that was manufactured before the 21st century.

Medical devices have always been a challenging field in which to develop testing standards.

So you’ve designed a high performance bearing or friction-free coupling, and the first thing you are asked is: What is its actual restraining torque? You’ve done your best to make something unmeasurable, and now you’re being asked to measure it.