While the quality of cylindrical ring gages can vary depending on the manufacturer, customers often treat these gages as commodity items. As a result, the primary question that customers ask is, "What is your price and delivery?" In reality, that should be the last question asked.

Here are several questions to pose first to ensure that the gages purchased truly meet a company's requirements and industry standards.

Proper ring-gage inspection requires calibrating the gage at six separate points to determine size and geometry. The first three points measured are at the top, middle and bottom of the X axis (left). The gage is then rotated 90 degrees so that the Y axis is horizontal, and the top, middle and bottom points of the Y axis can be measured (right). The measurements are made at the center and 1⁄16 inch from the radius of the chamfer at the ends of the gage. These comparative measurements will reveal any deviation, in millionths of an inch, from the nominal and should be stated in the certificate of calibration. Source: Edmunds Gages

1. What material is used to manufacture the ring gages?

2. Is incoming material inspected for adherence to hardening specifications?

The material is the foundation of ring-gage quality, so the answer should be an emphatic "yes."

3. After heat treating, is the material stabilized?

While heat treating helps stabilize steel blanks, subsequent grinding operations can affect the material by introducing heat and stress. A quality-conscious gage manufacturer will eliminate material fluctuations entirely by putting blanks through a stabilization process, which involves cycling the rings through temperature extremes from -130 to 300 F. Further, flange-type rings should be stabilized again after grinding.

4. Are the gages precision lapped by hand?

Lapping is the process in which minute amounts of material are removed to bring the ring to final size and within tolerances. It is the final process in ring manufacturing and extremely critical. It requires a highly skilled person who has learned to "feel" a millionth of an inch. No automatic lapping machine comes as close in accuracy and precision as a person who has mastered the art. Unskilled lapping can result in rings with excessive out-of-round or tapered conditions.

5. Are gages inspected in a temperature-controlled metrology laboratory?

Although rings are inspected for size and class in a temperature-controlled lapping room, it is important that final inspection occur in a separate, environmentally controlled metrology laboratory. In addition, the master set of gages used in the lab should be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

6. What is the sampling of the gages you inspect?

To ensure the utmost integrity, every ring should be inspected before it is shipped to the customer.

7. Will you certify my ring gages?

This is becoming more important as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland, and other quality-improvement programs, demand gage calibration and tracking documentation. Make sure the ring-gage manufacturer has documentation systems in place to certify, track, store and update gage information.

8. Do you certify both class and size?

Both types of certifications detail the standards followed and include NIST-traceability statements for the laboratory. A Certification of Class simply states that the ring has been inspected and found to be within the tolerance band of the class that is marked on the ring. A Certification of Size provides actual size deviations from nominal for calibration points in two axes and three planes for each axis, for a total of six readings.

9. Does the certification contain a Statement of Uncertainty?

A correctly prepared certification should also contain a Statement of Uncertainty for the readings given.

10. What is your price and delivery?

Only at this point, when you've received answers to the previous nine questions, is it an appropriate time to ask this final question.

It is important that the ring-gage material be stable and hard. Good-quality tool steels such as 8620 or O6 are appropriate choices. Steel blanks should be heat treated to a minimum of 62 Rc.