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Home » Authors » Paul Keller

Paul Keller

Paul Keller is president of Quality America, a publisher of software and training for Six Sigma Quality Improvement. He has written several books, including SPC Demystified (McGraw Hill, 2011) and the third, fourth and fifth editions of The Six Sigma Handbook (McGraw Hill, 2009, 2013, 2018). For more information, email [email protected] or visit www.qualityamerica.com.

Articles

ARTICLES

Initial Thirty-Piece Sample
Software

The Limits of the Thirty Piece Sample

How do we know when the differences between populations are evidence of real differences, or merely differences to be expected by the nature of random samples?
Paul Keller
February 26, 2026

A process was, on an irregular basis, failing to meet the mark, perhaps 5% of the time. The process engineer observed the process in action and took a sample of thirty parts for analysis.


Read More
Female professionals discuss manufacturing infrastructure investment project in modern factory.
Software

Why Committed Champions are Crucial for Effective Lean Six Sigma Deployment

Without the leadership of committed champions, Six Sigma teams lack the authority and resources necessary for project success.
Paul Keller
October 28, 2025

Successful Lean Six Sigma (LSS) deployment requires management leadership. Trained as LSS Champions, leaders sponsor and oversee projects, aligning them with strategic objectives and allocating resources.


Read More
Electronics Design Factory: Male Engineer Wearing Safety Vest Working on Computer.
Software

Adding Confidence to Your Capability Estimates

The control chart provides an extremely critical role in capability estimates.
Paul Keller
January 22, 2025

A customer inquired about confidence intervals for capability indices, emphasizing their role in process capability reporting. The capability index, often represented by Cpk, estimates how well a process metric meets customer requirements.


Read More
Realistic round relay. Metal button that is spinning isolated on a white background.
Software & Analysis

Don’t Touch That Process-Improvement Dial!

Despite your best intentions, you cannot improve a process without first differentiating between common and special causes.
Paul Keller
March 21, 2024

In many production settings, machine operators are tasked with monitoring processes by taking samples and making adjustments as needed to maintain productivity. However, there's a question worth exploring: What if ignoring these data-driven adjustments and allowing the process to continue unchanged is a better strategy?


Read More
QM 1122 Software & Analysis SPC Software Feature
Software & Analysis

SPC Software Enables Real-Time Process Management

When the process is in-control, monitoring it using the SPC control chart ensures that it will reliably meet the process requirements.
Paul Keller
November 2, 2022

Real-time process management using SPC software has never been more cost-effective, providing substantial benefits by consistently meeting customer requirements with minimal labor expense.


Read More
people in ppe looking at a laptop in an industrial setting

Control Chart Analysis

An example.
Paul Keller
February 8, 2021

An SPC (Statistical Process Control) Software customer recently inquired if I could discern any issues in a process, as their customer had identified problems with three recent shipments. They provided data for the customer’s current year shipments for a variety of KPI (key process indicators) in an Excel file. 


Read More
Repeatability Chart

An R&R Study

In most situations, you're likely to be surprised by the amount of R&R error detected.
Paul Keller
June 30, 2020

For most processes, we have a choice of measurement options that vary with cost. Ideally, we seek the most accurate measurement at the lowest cost with the expectation that the result will be satisfactory. When measurements are critical to operations, we should validate these assumptions.


Read More
Quality cost chart

Prevention is the Key to Reduced Quality Costs

Customer-facing processes must be designed to prevent errors and minimize cost of failure.
Paul Keller
November 8, 2019

Quality professionals see many costs of quality firsthand. These include our salaries and benefits, the equipment used to measure and analyze quality outcomes, and the waste generated by these processes when they fail to meet requirements.


Read More
SPC Software

How to Statistically Control the Process

When disruptions are detected, it’s critical that operators have the tools available to quickly diagnose and correct the issues.
Paul Keller
April 1, 2019

Statistical process control (SPC) charts are used in quality-focused facilities to monitor process output on a continual basis and alert process operators, managers and the support staff in real-time when the process is shifting towards an undesirable condition.


Read More
Figure 1. Figures from SPC IV Excel by Quality America. Used by permission

Gage R&R

Time to improve your process capability?
Paul Keller
July 1, 2017

Spending too much (time or money) on part disposition? Start with an analysis of your measurement system. Even a marginal measurement system could contribute up to 30% of the variation seen in your control chart.


Read More
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